Fumaroles - John Seach

A fumarole is a steam discharge from a hydrothermal or volcanic system.
A solfatara contains sulfur emissions. Soffioni emit boric acid.

Fumaroles can burn, so be careful when approaching them.

Composition of Fumarole Emissions
Steam is the most abundant emission from fumaroles.(60% by molar concentration)
Steam originates from both groundwater and magma.
Chloride is added from seawater.

Noisy fumaroles - discharge rates >20m/s
Quiet fumaroles - discharge rates <20m/s
 

Fumaroles
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